1. “The power of population is so superior to the power of the earth to produce subsistence for man, that premature death must in some shape or other visit the human race. The vices of mankind are active and able ministers of depopulation. They are the precursors in the great army of destruction, and often finish the dreadful work themselves. But should they fail in this war of extermination, sickly seasons, epidemics, pestilence, and plague advance in terrific array, and sweep off their thousands and tens of thousands. Should success be still incomplete, gigantic inevitable famine stalks in the rear, and with one mighty blow levels the population with the food of the world.” – Thomas Robert Malthus, An essay on the principle of population, 1798.
a. What does Malthus refer to as ‘success’? The process of depopulation.
b. Is the ‘mighty blow’ that Malthus refers to a preventive or a positive check? Mighty blow is a positive check i.e. famine.
c. What does Malthus mean by ‘power of Earth’? Power of Earth is referred to as the ability of Earth to produce subsistence.
d. What is the power of population? Power of population implies the rate at which population increases.
2. Assertions of tribal identity are on the rise. This can be laid at the door of the emergence ofa middle class within the tribal society. With the emergence of this class in particular, issuesof culture, tradition, livelihood, even control over land and resources, as well as demandsfor a share in the benefits of the projects of modernity, have become an integral part of thearticulation of identity among the tribes. There is, therefore, a new consciousness amongtribes now, coming from its middle classes. The middle classes themselves are aconsequence of modern education and modern occupations, aided in turn by the reservation policies..
a. What gave rise to a middle class among the tribes? Reservation policies and education
b. The reasons for asserting tribal identity for the uneducated and poor adivasis and themiddle classes among the tribes are the same. Mark the statement as true or false. False
c. States like Jharkhand and Chattisgarh have made full use of their statehood as a result of the tribal movement. Mark the statement as true or false. False
d. Mark the statement as true or false.Tribes were a community which always had sharp divisions. False
3. The positive impact of successes – such as the achievement of statehood for Jharkhand andChattisgarh after a long struggle – is moderated by continuing problems. Many of the state of the North-East, for example, have been living for decades under special laws that limitthe civil liberties of citizens. Thus, citizens of states like Manipur or Nagaland don’t have the same rights as other citizens of India because their states have been declared as‘disturbed areas’.
a. What has made parts of our country’s North-East disturbed area? State repression followed by armed rebellion leading to a vicious circle.
b. States like Jharkhand and Chattisgarh are examples of federal structure of India. Mark the statement as true or false. Justify your answer. True. These states achieved statehood as a result of tribal struggle.
c. Which larger structures make the tribalspowerless? State
d. Mark the statement as true or false.Tribals have to use their own resources illegally today. True
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